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Messenger RNA (mRNA) holds great potential for vaccines, protein replacement therapy, cancer immunotherapy, in vivo cell therapy and gene editing. However, naked mRNA faces critical barriers for in vivo administration: it is rapidly degraded by ubiquitous ribonucleases in bodily fluids, triggers strong innate immune responses, and cannot spontaneously cross negatively charged cell membranes.

​In vitro transcription (IVT) has become the foundational manufacturing technology for modern mRNA-based modalities, including prophylactic vaccines, cancer immunotherapies, protein replacement agents, in vivo cell therapies and gene editing systems. Despite widespread adoption, lab-scale mRNA synthesis continues to face persistent technical challenges: